SYPHILIS

What is syphilis?

Syphilis (pronounced siff-ill-iss) is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by a bacteria (germ). It progresses in stages and without treatment, can lead to death.

How is syphilis spread?
Syphilis can be spread during vaginal, anal, or oral sex through contact with an open sore or contact with a skin rash. The bacteria can enter the body through the penis, anus, vagina, mouth, or through broken skin. An infected pregnant woman can also pass the disease to her unborn child. Syphilis is not spread by contact with toilet seats, doorknobs, swimming pools, hot tubs, bathtubs, shared clothing, or eating utensils.

What are the symptoms of syphilis?

Each stage of syphilis has different symptoms. Syphilis can be spread during the first two stages of the disease.

Primary Stage
A single, painless sore, called a chancre (shan-ker), appears in the first, or primary stage, about 10 days to 90 days after infection. The sore can appear on the vulva, vagina, cervix, tongue, lips, or other parts of the body, including inside the body. Twenty-one days after infection is the most common time frame in which the sore appears. The sore heals with or without treatment. In this stage, syphilis can be passed to others through contact with an open sore during vaginal, anal, or oral sex. If the infection is not treated, it moves to the next, or secondary, stage.

Secondary Stage
In the secondary stage, which starts three to six weeks after the sore appears, some or all of these symptoms can appear:

* skin rash with rough, red or reddish-brown spots both on the palms of the hands and bottoms of the feet. The rash usually does not itch. Rashes with a different appearance may occur on other parts of the body.
* sores on the throat, mouth, or cervix
* fever
* sore throat and swollen lymph glands
* patchy hair loss on the head and other parts of the body
* headaches and muscle aches
* weight loss
* tiredness

During vaginal, anal, or oral sex, contact with open sores or contact with the rash can spread the infection to others. The symptoms of secondary syphilis will resolve with or without treatment. But without treatment, the infection will progress to the latent and late stages of disease.

Latent Stage
The next stage is called the latent or hidden stage. This stage can start from two years to over thirty years after initial infection. After symptoms from the secondary stage disappear, a relapse of the second stage of syphilis can happen, when those symptoms come back. If a relapse happens, the disease can be passed to others. Otherwise, the disease cannot be passed to another person. Even without treatment, some people with latent syphilis do not go on to develop late stage syphilis. But others will go on to develop late stage syphilis.

Late Stage
In the late stage of syphilis, some people suffer damage to the brain, nerves, eyes, heart, blood vessels, liver, bones, and joints. Complications may include small bumps or tumors on organs, blindness, insanity, or paralysis. This stage can last for years. Some people may die from the disease. You will only reach this stage if you have not received treatment earlier. If you have syphilis, get treated as soon as possible to avoid these problems.

How is syphilis diagnosed?

A doctor can diagnose syphilis in a number of ways:

* Recognizing its signs and symptoms and taking the correct tests.
* Looking at the fluid from a syphilis sore or swollen lymph node under a microscope. This can only be done during primary and secondary syphilis when a patient has sores.
* Testing the patient’s blood.


Can syphilis be cured? How is syphilis treated?

Yes, syphilis can be cured. Penicillin is the preferred drug to treat syphilis at all stages. The dose and length of treatment depends on the stage of syphilis and symptoms of the disease. If a person can’t take penicillin, another medicine may be available. But in late syphilis, damage already done to body organs cannot be reversed. You can get syphilis again after being cured if you are exposed to it. Taking antibiotics does not protect you from getting syphilis again.
[Return to Top]
What should I do if I have syphilis?

* Avoid having any sexual activity while you are being treated for syphilis. Don’t have sexual contact until the syphilis sores are completely healed.
* Be sure to tell your sexual partners, so they can be tested and treated if necessary.
* After you have completed treatment for syphilis, get retested after six months and 12 months. Some doctors recommend more frequent follow-up tests.


Can syphilis cause problems during pregnancy?

Yes. Pregnant women can pass syphilis to their babies during pregnancy and childbirth. It can cause miscarriage, stillbirth, or death soon after birth. An infected baby may be born without signs of disease. However, if not treated right away, the baby may have serious problems within a few weeks. Babies born with syphilis may develop skin sores, rashes, fever, jaundice (yellow skin), anemia (a blood problem), or a swollen liver and spleen. Untreated babies may become developmentally delayed, have seizures, or die.

All pregnant women should be tested for syphilis. Pregnant women with syphilis are treated right away with penicillin. For women with an allergy to penicillin, there is no alternative medicine that has proven effective for treatment. Penicillin will prevent passing syphilis to the baby, although treatment during the second half of pregnancy may not eliminate the risk for premature labor and fetal distress.

How is syphilis prevented?

There are things you can do to protect yourself from syphilis:

* Don’t have sex. The best way to prevent syphilis or any STD is to practice abstinence, or not having vaginal, oral, or anal sex.
* Be faithful. Have a sexual relationship with one partner who has been tested for syphilis and is not infected is another way to reduce your chances of getting infected. Be faithful to each other, meaning that you only have sex with each other and no one else.
* Use condoms. Protect yourself with a condom EVERY time you have vaginal, anal, or oral sex. For vaginal sex, use a latex male condom or a female polyurethane condom. For anal sex, use a latex male condom. For oral sex, use a dental dam. A dental dam is a rubbery material that can be placed over the anus or the vagina before sexual contact.
* Know that some methods of birth control, like birth control pills, shots, implants, or diaphragms, will not protect you from STDs. If you use one of these methods, be sure to also use a latex condom or dental dam (used for oral sex) correctly every time you have sex.
* Talk with your sex partner(s) about STDs and using condoms. It’s up to you to make sure you are protected. Remember, it’s YOUR body! For more information, call the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention at (800) 232-4636.
* Talk frankly with your doctor or nurse and your sex partner(s) about any STDs you or your partner have or had. Talk about any sores in the genital area. Try not to be embarrassed. Being honest could save your lives.
* Have regular pelvic exams. Talk with your doctor about how often you need them. Many tests for STDs can be done during an exam. Ask your doctor to test you for syphilis and other STDs. The sooner an STD is found, the easier it is to treat.
* If you are pregnant, get tested for syphilis. Get tested as soon as you think you may be pregnant.

[+/-] Read More/Selengkapnya...

[+/-] Summary /Ringkasan ...

DOWNLOAD ASKEP LENGKAP SILAHKAN KLIK LINK DIBAWAH INI
ASKEP LENGKAP

Terima Kasih Telah Download,
ingin download askep lebih banyak silahkan klik Download Askep
Kami sangat berterima kasih jika pengunjung bersedia Klik Iklan yang ada

INGIN BERBISNIS SEPERTI SAYA SILAHKAN KLIK BANNER DIBAWAH INI

Manfaatkan BLOG ANDA

Breast Cancer

what is breast cancer?

Cancer is a disease in which cells become abnormal and form more cells in an uncontrolled way. With breast cancer, the cancer begins in cells that make up the breasts—usually in the tubes that carry milk to the nipple or the glands that make milk. The cancerous cells form a mass of tissue called a tumor. Sometimes, the cancer spreads to other parts of the body.

Why should I be concerned about breast cancer?

Other than skin cancer, breast cancer is the most common cancer in American women. Every woman has a chance of getting breast cancer. About 1 in 8 women will find out she has breast cancer at some point in her life. This might sound scary. But today, fewer and fewer women are dying from breast cancer. Many women have overcome breast cancer and are living life to its fullest. With breast cancer screening tools, including mammograms, doctors often can find cancer early. Treatment is more likely to work well when cancer is found early

[+/-] Read More/Selengkapnya...

[+/-] Summary /Ringkasan ...

DOWNLOAD ASKEP LENGKAP SILAHKAN KLIK LINK DIBAWAH INI
ASKEP LENGKAP

Terima Kasih Telah Download,
ingin download askep lebih banyak silahkan klik Download Askep
Kami sangat berterima kasih jika pengunjung bersedia Klik Iklan yang ada

INGIN BERBISNIS SEPERTI SAYA SILAHKAN KLIK BANNER DIBAWAH INI

Manfaatkan BLOG ANDA

ANEMIA

What is anemia?

"Anemia" (uh-NEE-mee-uh) occurs when you have less than the normal number of red blood cells in your blood or when the red blood cells in your blood don't have enough hemoglobin (HEE-muh-gloh-bin). Hemoglobin is a protein. It gives the red color to your blood. Its main job is to carry oxygen from your lungs to all parts of your body. If you have anemia, your blood does not carry enough oxygen to all the parts of your body. Without oxygen, your organs and tissues cannot work as well as they should. More than 3 million people in the United States have anemia. Women and people with chronic diseases are at the greatest risk for anemia.

What are the types and causes of anemia?
Anemia happens when:

1. the body loses too much blood (such as with heavy periods, certain diseases, and trauma); or
2. the body has problems making red blood cells; or
3. red blood cells break down or die faster than the body can replace them with new ones; or
4. more than one of these problems happen at the same time.

There are many types of anemia, all with different causes:

* Iron deficiency anemia (IDA). IDA is the most common type of anemia. IDA happens when you don't have enough iron in your body. You need iron to make hemoglobin. People with this type of anemia are sometimes said to have "iron-poor blood" or "tired blood."

A person can have a low iron level because of blood loss. In women, iron and red blood cells are lost when bleeding occurs from very heavy and long periods, as well as from childbirth. Women also can lose iron and red blood cells from uterine fibroids, which can bleed slowly. Other ways iron and red blood cells can be lost include:

o ulcers, colon polyps, or colon cancer
o regular use of aspirin and other drugs for pain
o infections
o severe injury
o surgery
Foods that are fortified have important vitamins and minerals added, such as cereal with added folic acid.
Eating foods low in iron also can cause IDA. Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products, or iron-fortified foods are the best sources of iron found in food. Pregnancy can cause IDA if a woman doesn't consume enough iron for both her and her unborn baby.

Some people have enough iron in their blood, but have problems absorbing it because of diseases, such as Crohn's disease and Celiac disease, or drugs they are taking.
* Vitamin deficiency anemia (or megaloblastic [MEG-uh-loh-BLASS-tik] anemia). Low levels of vitamin B12 or folate are the most common causes of this type of anemia.

Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia (or pernicious [pur-NISH-us] anemia). This type of anemia happens due to a lack of vitamin B12 in the body. Your body needs vitamin B12 to make red blood cells and to keep your nervous system working normally. This type of anemia occurs most often in people whose bodies are not able to absorb vitamin B12 from food because of an autoimmune disorder. It also can happen because of intestinal problems.

You also can get this type of anemia if the foods you eat don't have enough vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 is found in foods that come from animals. Fortified breakfast cereals also have vitamin B12. Folic acid supplements (pills) can treat this type of anemia. But, folic acid cannot treat nerve damage caused by a lack of vitamin B12.

With this type of anemia, your doctor may not realize that you're not getting enough vitamin B12. Not getting enough vitamin B12 can cause numbness in your legs and feet, problems walking, memory loss, and problems seeing. The treatment depends on the cause. But you may need to get vitamin B12 shots or take special vitamin B12 pills.

Folate deficiency anemia. Folate, also called folic acid, is also needed to make red blood cells. This type of anemia can occur if you don't consume enough folate or if you have problems absorbing vitamins. It also may occur during the third trimester of pregnancy, when your body needs extra folate. Folate is a B vitamin found in foods such as leafy green vegetables, fruits, and dried beans and peas. Folic acid is found in fortified breads, pastas, and cereals.
* Anemias caused by underlying diseases. Some diseases can hurt the body's ability to make red blood cells. For example, anemia is common in people with kidney disease. Their kidneys can't make enough of the hormones that signal the body to make red blood cells. Plus, iron is lost in dialysis (what some people with kidney disease must have to take out waste from the blood).
* Anemias caused by inherited blood disease. If you have a blood disease in your family, you are at greater risk to also have this disease. Here are some types:

Sickle cell anemia. The red blood cells of people with sickle cell disease are hard and have a curved edge. These cells can get stuck in the small blood vessels, blocking the flow of blood to the organs and limbs. The body destroys sickle red cells quickly. But, it can't make new red blood cells fast enough. These factors cause anemia.

Thalassemia (thal-uh-SEE-mee-uh). People with thalassemia make less hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells than normal. This leads to mild or severe anemia. One severe form of this condition is Cooley's anemia.
* Aplastic (ay-PLAS-tik) anemia. This is a rare blood disorder in which the body stops making enough new blood cells. All blood cells—red cells, white cells, and platelets—are affected. Low levels of red blood cells leads to anemia. With low levels of white blood cells, the body is less able to fight infections. With too few platelets, the blood can't clot normally. This can be caused by many things:

o cancer treatments (radiation or chemotherapy)
o exposure to toxic chemicals (like those used in some insecticides, paint, and household cleaners)
o some drugs (like those that treat rheumatoid arthritis)
o autoimmune diseases (like lupus)
o viral infections
o family diseases passed on by genes, such as Fanconi anemia


What are the signs of anemia?

Anemia takes some time to develop. In the beginning, you may not have any signs or they may be mild. But as it gets worse, you may have these symptoms:

* fatigue (very common)
* weakness (very common)
* dizziness
* headache
* numbness or coldness in your hands and feet
* low body temperature
* pale skin
* rapid or irregular heartbeat
* shortness of breath
* chest pain
* irritability
* not doing well at work or in school

All of these signs and symptoms can occur because your heart has to work harder to pump more oxygen-rich blood through the body.
How do I find out if I have anemia?

Your doctor can tell if you have anemia by a blood test called a CBC. Your doctor also will do a physical exam and talk to you about the food you eat, the medicines you are taking, and your family health history. If you have anemia, your doctor may want to do other tests to find out what's causing it.

What is the treatment for anemia?

With any type of anemia, there are two treatment goals:

1. to get red blood cell counts or hemoglobin levels back to normal so that your organs and tissues can get enough oxygen
2. to treat the underlying cause of the anemia

The treatment your doctor prescribes for you will depend on the cause of the anemia. For example, treatment for sickle cell anemia is different than treatment for anemia caused by low iron or folic acid intake. Treatment may include changes in foods you eat, taking dietary supplements (like vitamins or iron pills), changing the medicines you are taking, or in more severe forms of anemia, medical procedures such as blood transfusion or surgery.

What will happen if my anemia goes untreated?

Some types of anemia may be life threatening if not diagnosed and treated. Too little oxygen in the body can damage organs. With anemia, the heart must work harder to make up for the lack of red blood cells or hemoglobin. This extra work can harm the heart and even lead to heart failure.
How do I prevent anemia?

There are steps you can take to help prevent some types of anemia.

* Eat foods high in iron:

o cereal/breads with iron in it (100% iron-fortified is best. Check food label.)
o liver
o lentils and beans
o oysters
o tofu
o green, leafy vegetables such as spinach
o red meat (lean only)
o fish
o dried fruits such as apricots, prunes, and raisins
For more sources of iron, visit http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/iron.asp
* Eat and drink foods that help your body absorb iron, like orange juice, strawberries, broccoli, or other fruits and vegetables with vitamin C.
* Don't drink coffee or tea with meals. These drinks make it harder for your body to absorb iron.
* Calcium can hurt your absorption of iron. If you have a hard time getting enough iron, talk to your doctor about the best way to also get enough calcium.
* Make sure you consume enough folic acid and vitamin B12.
* Make balanced food choices. Most people who make healthy, balanced food choices get the iron and vitamins their bodies need from the foods they eat. Food fads and dieting can lead to anemia.
* Talk to your doctor about taking iron pills (supplements). Do NOT take these pills without talking to your doctor first. These pills come in two forms: ferrous and ferric. The ferrous form is better absorbed by your body. But taking iron pills can cause side effects, like nausea, vomiting, constipation, and diarrhea. Reduce these side effects by taking these steps:

o Start with half of the recommended dose. Gradually increase to the full dose.
o Take the pill in divided doses. For example, if you are prescribed two pills daily, take one in morning with breakfast and the other after dinner.
o Take the pill with food.
o If one type of iron pill is causing problems, ask your doctor for another brand.
It is important to keep iron pills tightly capped and away from children's reach. In children, death has occurred from ingesting 200 mg of iron.
* If you are a non-pregnant woman of childbearing age, get tested for anemia every five to 10 years. This can be done during a regular health exam. Testing should start in adolescence.
* If you are a non-pregnant woman of childbearing age with these risk factors for iron deficiency, get tested every year:

o heavy periods
o low iron intake
o have been diagnosed with anemia in the past
* Follow your doctor's orders for treating the underlying cause of your anemia. This will prevent the anemia from coming back or becoming serious.


How much iron do I need every day?

Most people get enough iron by making healthy, balanced food choices and eating iron-rich foods. But some groups of people are at greater risk for low iron levels:

* teenage girls/women of childbearing age (who have heavy bleeding during their period, who have had more than one child, or use an intrauterine device [IUD])
* older infants and toddlers (mainly those who drink a lot of milk or are having a growth spurt)
* pregnant women (about half of pregnant women have iron-deficiency anemia)
* Female athletes who engage in regular, intense exercise

These groups of people should be screened at times for iron deficiency. If the tests show that the body isn't getting enough iron, iron pills (supplements) may be prescribed. In extreme cases of iron deficiency, your doctor might prescribe iron shots. Many doctors prescribe iron pills during pregnancy because many pregnant women don't get enough iron. Iron pills can help when diet alone can't restore the iron level back to normal. Talk with your doctor to find out if you are getting enough iron through the foods you eat or if you or your child needs to be taking iron pills. Please see the chart below to see how many milligrams (mg) of iron you should consume every day.
Recommended Dietary Allowances for Iron for Infants, Children, and Adult Women Age Infants & Children Women Pregnant Breastfeeding
7 to 12 months 11 mg n/a n/a n/a
1 to 3 years 7 mg n/a n/a n/a
4 to 8 years 10 mg n/a n/a n/a
9 to 13 years 8 mg n/a n/a n/a
14 to 18 years n/a 15 mg 27 mg 10mg
19 to 50 years n/a 18 mg 27 mg 9 mg
51+ years n/a 8 mg n/a n/a

How much iron do I need if I am pregnant?

Pregnant women need to consume twice as much iron as women who are not pregnant. But about half of all pregnant women do not get enough iron. During pregnancy, your body needs more iron because of the growing fetus, the higher volume of blood, and blood loss during delivery. If a pregnant woman does not get enough iron for herself or her growing baby, she has an increased chance of having preterm birth and a low-birth-weight baby. If you're pregnant, follow these tips:

* Make sure you get 27mg of iron every day. Take an iron supplement (pill). It may be part of your prenatal vitamin. Start taking it at your first prenatal visit.
* Get tested for anemia at your first prenatal visit.
* Ask if you need to be tested for anemia 4 to 6 weeks after delivery.


I am taking menopausal hormone therapy (MHT). Does that affect how much iron I should take?

It might. If you are still getting your period while taking MHT, you may need more iron than women who are postmenopausal and not taking MHT. Talk to your doctor.
Does birth control affect my risk for anemia?

It could. Some women who take birth control pills have less bleeding during their periods. This would lower their risk for anemia. But women who use an intrauterine device (IUD) may have more bleeding and increase their chances of getting anemia. Talk to your doctor.

I am a vegetarian. What steps should I take to make sure I get enough iron?

It depends on the food choices you make. Since meat, poultry, and seafood are the best sources of iron found in food, some vegetarians may need to take a higher amount of iron each day than what is recommended for other people. Follow the tips above to prevent anemia, and try to take vitamin C with the iron-rich foods you eat.

What happens if my body gets more iron than it needs?

Iron overload happens when too much iron builds up in the body over time. This condition is called hemochromatosis (HEE-moh-kroh-muh-TOH-suhss). The extra iron can damage the organs, mainly the liver, heart, and pancreas. Many problems can cause iron overload. Most people with hemochromatosis inherit it from their parents. It is one of the most common genetic (runs in families) diseases in the United States. Some other diseases also can lead to iron overload. It also can happen from years of taking too much iron or from repeated blood transfusions or dialysis for kidney disease.

Signs of early hemochromatosis may include:

* fatigue
* weakness
* weight loss
* abdominal pain
* joint pain
* fluttering in chest

As iron builds up in the body, common symptoms include:

* arthritis
* missed periods
* early menopause
* loss of sex drive
* impotence (repeated inability to get or keep an erection firm enough for sexual intercourse)
* heart problems like shortness of breath, chest pain, and changes in rate or rhythm

Signs of advanced hemochromatosis include:

* arthritis
* liver disease, including an enlarged liver, cirrhosis, cancer, and liver failure
* damage to the pancreas, possibly causing diabetes
* chronic (ongoing) abdominal pain
* severe fatigue
* weakening of the heart muscle
* heart failure
* changes in skin color, making it look gray, yellow or bronze (not caused by sun)

Treatment depends on how severe the iron overload is. The first step is to get rid of the extra iron in the body. Most people undergo a process called phlebotomy (fluh-BOT-uh-mee), which means removing blood. It is simple and safe. A pint of blood will be taken once or twice a week for several months to a year, and sometimes longer. Once iron levels go back to normal, you will give a pint of blood every 2 to 4 months for life. People who cannot give blood can take medicine to remove extra iron. This is called iron chelation (kuh-LAY-shuhn) therapy. Although treatment cannot cure the problems caused by hemochromatosis, it will help most of them. Arthritis is the only problem that does not improve after excess iron is removed

[+/-] Read More/Selengkapnya...

[+/-] Summary /Ringkasan ...

DOWNLOAD ASKEP LENGKAP SILAHKAN KLIK LINK DIBAWAH INI
ASKEP LENGKAP

Terima Kasih Telah Download,
ingin download askep lebih banyak silahkan klik Download Askep
Kami sangat berterima kasih jika pengunjung bersedia Klik Iklan yang ada

INGIN BERBISNIS SEPERTI SAYA SILAHKAN KLIK BANNER DIBAWAH INI

Manfaatkan BLOG ANDA

ACNE VULGARIS

What is acne?

Acne is a disorder that causes outbreaks of skin lesions commonly called pimples. It is caused by the skin’s oil glands making too much sebum, an oily substance, which leads to plugged pores. It also can be caused by the rapid production of a bacteria P. acnes.

Acne lesions occur mostly on the face, neck, back, chest, and shoulders. It is the most common skin disease. Although acne is not a serious health threat, severe acne can lead to disfiguring and permanent scarring.

How does acne affect women?

Most young women and men will have at least a few pimples over the course of their lives. But acne seems to affect men and women in different ways. Young men are more likely to have a more serious form of acne. Acne in young women tends to be more random and linked to hormone changes, such as the menstrual cycle.

As women get older, acne often gets better. But some women have acne for many years. Some women even get acne for the first time at age 30 or 40.

For many women, acne can be an upsetting illness. Women may have feelings of depression, poor body image, or low self-esteem. But you don’t have to wait to outgrow acne or to let it run its course. Today, almost every case of acne can be resolved. Acne also can, sometimes, be prevented. Talk with your doctor or dermatologist (a doctor who specializes in treating skin problems) about how you can help prevent acne and if treatment would help you.

What are the different types of acne lesions?

• Comedo (whiteheads or blackheads) or papules. The comedo is the basic acne lesion, which is a plugged pore. If the plugged pore stays under the skin, it’s called a closed comedo and forms a white bump or whitehead. Blackheads are comedos that open up and appear blackish on the surface of the skin. This black color is not due to dirt, but because the air reacts with the excess oil.
• Pustules or pimples. Pustules or pimples are acne lesions that contain pus and are red at the base.
• Nodules. These are more serious acne lesions. They lodge deeper in the skin, are painful, and can cause scarring.
• Cysts. Like nodules, these lesions are deep within in the skin, are painful, and are filled with pus, and can cause scarring.

What triggers acne in women?

Many things can trigger acne in women:

• Hormone changes during puberty. During puberty, girls have an increase in male sex hormones called androgens. This increase causes the glands to get larger and make more sebum.
• Hormone changes as an adult. The menstrual cycle is one of the most common acne triggers. Acne lesions tend to form a few days before the cycle begins and go away after the cycle is completed. Other hormone changes, such as pregnancy and menopause, improve acne in some women. But some women have worse acne during these times. Stopping use of birth control pills can play a role as well.
• Medicines. Certain medicines, such as those used to treat epilepsy and types of depression.
• Make-up.
• Pressure or friction on the skin. Friction caused by bike helmets or backpacks can make acne worse.
• Family history. If other people in your family have acne, there is a greater chance you will have it.

Does poor hygiene cause acne?

It is a myth that women get acne because they don’t wash enough. Too much washing or scrubbing the skin harshly can make acne worse. And washing away surface oils doesn’t do much to prevent or cure acne, because it forms under the skin. The best way to clean the face is to gently wash it twice a day with a mild soap or cleanser. Be careful to remove make-up without harsh scrubbing.

Can stress cause acne?

Stress does not cause acne. But, acne may be a side effect of some medicines used to treat stress or depression. And in some cases, the social and emotional impact of acne lesions causes stress. Talk with your doctor if you have concerns.

Can eating chocolate or greasy foods cause acne?

While many women feel that eating chocolate or greasy foods causes acne, experts have not found a link between the diet and acne. Foods seem to have little effect on acne in most people. But, it’s important to eat a healthy diet for good health.

How is mild acne treated?

There are many treatments for mild acne. Mild acne can consist of whiteheads, blackheads and small pustules. At home, you can wash your face twice per day with warm water and a gentle cleanser or soap. Your doctor may suggest you also try an over-the-counter lotion or cream. These medicines may make your skin dry if you use them too much. Be sure to follow the directions.

If these medicines don’t work, your doctor may prescribe a cream or lotion with benzoyl peroxide, resorcinol, salicylic acid, or sulfur.

• Benzoyl peroxide works to reduce oil made by the glands.
• Resorcinol, salicylic acid, and sulfur help breakdown whiteheads and blackheads.

If your acne does not get better after six to eight weeks, talk with your doctor about changing your treatment.

Can more serious forms of acne be treated?

Yes. Work with your doctor to find the best treatment for you.

Moderate to moderately severe acne. This type of acne consists of several whiteheads, blackheads, papules and pustules that cover from ¼ to ¾ of the face and/or other parts of the body. It can be treated with antibiotic lotions or gels, as well as retinoic acid. Retinoic acid is an altered form of vitamin A. It helps prevent whiteheads and blackheads. Your doctor may also prescribe an antibiotic pill, such as erythromycin. If you take birth control pills to prevent pregnancy, antibiotics can affect how well they work. Be sure to use a second method of birth control with the pill, such as a condom. Retinoic acid and antibiotic pills can make the skin sensitive to the sun. So, wear sunscreen and stay in the shade while using them.

Severe acne. Severe acne consists of deep cysts, redness, swelling, extreme damage to the skin and scarring. You should see a dermatologist to care for this type of acne. Scarring can be prevented with appropriate treatments. Your dermatologist can prescribe oral antibiotics and oral contraceptives. Large inflamed cysts can be treated with an injection of a drug that lessens the redness, swelling, and irritation, and promotes healing.

Your dermatologist may prescribe Accutane®, if other treatments have not worked. This is a strong medicine that can help prevent scarring and treat active disease. But, Accutane also can cause birth defects. It is important that you are not pregnant and do not plan to get pregnant while taking this medicine. You must use two methods of birth control at the same time. This is done for one month before treatment begins, during treatment, and for a full month after stopping the drug. Talk with your dermatologist about when it’s safe to get pregnant. Other side effects of this drug may include dry eyes, itching, mood changes, and changes in the blood and liver. You and your dermatologist can decide whether this medicine is right for you based on the pros and cons. Use any prescribed medicine exactly as you are advised. Taking more medicine than you are supposed to take may make acne or your general health worse. Ask your doctor what to do if you miss a dose.

Some large cysts do not respond to medication and may need to be drained or removed. Your dermatologist is the only person who should drain or remove these. You should never try to drain or remove your acne by squeezing or picking. This can lead to infection, worsen your acne, and cause scarring.

Overall, if you don’t see a change in your skin in six to eight weeks, talk with your doctor about your treatment plan.

Can birth control pills help treat acne?

For women who break out mainly around their menstrual cycle, some birth control pills can help. Research shows that these pills can clear acne by slowing down overactive oil glands in the skin. Sometimes, birth control pills are used along with a drug called spironolactone to treat acne in adult females. This medication lowers levels of the hormone androgen in the body. Androgen stimulates the skin’s oil glands. Side effects of this drug include irregular menstruation, breast tenderness, headache and fatigue. Spironolactone is not appropriate therapy for all patients.

When is surgery used for acne scarring?

If you have scarring, your dermatologist may suggest surgery to help heal acne lesions and remove scarring. A laser can reshape scar tissue and reduce redness. Dermabrasion is a type of surgery that can remove surface scars and reduce the depth of deep scars. Another option is to transfer fat from one part of the body to the face. In some cases, a single treatment can help scarring. But for lasting results, several are often needed. There are also topical treatments for acne scarring.

Photodynamic therapy is a new acne treatment. It begins with light microdermabrasion. This is used to remove dead skin cells on the face’s surface. Then, an acid is put on the skin for 30 to 60 minutes. After this period, the acid is taken off. Lastly, the skin is treated with a laser. This treatment is still being researched, but seems to give positive long-term results.

How can I help prevent acne and acne scars?

You can help prevent acne flare-ups and scars by taking good care of your skin:

• Clean your skin gently with a mild soap or cleanser twice a day―once in the morning and once at night. You should also gently clean the skin after heavy exercise. Avoid strong soaps and rough scrub pads. Harsh scrubbing of the skin may make acne worse. Wash your entire face from under the jaw to the hairline and rinse thoroughly. Remove make-up gently with a mild soap and water. Ask your doctor before using an astringent.
• Wash your hair on a regular basis. If your hair is oily, you may want to wash it more often.
• Do not squeeze or pick at acne lesions. This can cause acne scars.
• Avoid getting sunburned. Many medicines used to treat acne can make you more prone to sunburn. Many people think that the sun helps acne, because the redness from sunburn may make acne lesions less visible. But, too much sun can also increase your risk of skin cancer and early aging of the skin. When you’re going to be outside, use sunscreen of at least SPF 15. Also, try to stay in the shade as much as you can.
• Choose make-up and hair care products that are “non-comedogenic” or “non-acnegenic.” These products have been made in a way that they don’t cause acne. You may also want to use products that are oil-free.
• Avoid things that rub the skin as much as you can, such as backpacks and sports equipment.
• Talk with your doctor about what treatment methods can help your acne. Take your medicines as prescribed. Be sure to tell your doctor if you think medicines you take for other health problems make your acne worse.

Is rosacea the same as acne?

Rosacea (ro-ZAY-she-ah) is a common skin problem often called “adult acne.” Faired skinned and menopausal women are more likely to have rosacea. Rosacea also seems to run in families. It causes redness in the center parts of the face and pimples. Blood vessels under the skin of the face may enlarge and show through the skin as small red lines. The skin may be swollen and feel warm.

Women with rosacea don’t have the same lesions as seen with common acne. They may have flushing of the face, when they are hot, drink alcohol or hot drinks, or eat spicy foods. This flushing causes the face to appear red. In the most severe form, this redness does not go away. The eyes may become swollen and nodules in the skin may be painful.

You can help keep rosacea under control by keeping a record of things that cause it to flare up. Try to avoid or limit these triggers as much as you can. Antibiotic lotions or gels can also help. Sometimes, you may need to take antibiotic pills. Your dermatologist may treat you with laser surgery. If you think you have rosacea, talk with your doctor about these treatments.

[Return to Top]

[+/-] Read More/Selengkapnya...

[+/-] Summary /Ringkasan ...

DOWNLOAD ASKEP LENGKAP SILAHKAN KLIK LINK DIBAWAH INI
ASKEP LENGKAP

Terima Kasih Telah Download,
ingin download askep lebih banyak silahkan klik Download Askep
Kami sangat berterima kasih jika pengunjung bersedia Klik Iklan yang ada

INGIN BERBISNIS SEPERTI SAYA SILAHKAN KLIK BANNER DIBAWAH INI

Manfaatkan BLOG ANDA

ASTIGMATISM

Astigmatism is a condition where vision is disordered (blurred, unfocused, fuzzy) because the cornea (the front surface of the eye) or lens, which is located behind the cornea, has an abnormal or irregular curve (misshaped). Astigmatism can occur in children as well as adults. Astigmatism is fairly common and not contagious.
There are two common types of astigmatism: corneal astigmatism and lenticular astigmatism.


Corneal astigmatism is when the cornea is misshaped.
• Lenticular astigmatism is when the lens is misshaped.
There are several treatment options for astigmatism. If you suspect you have astigmatism, contact your doctor.
Normal Anatomy of the Eye

Causes
The precise cause of astigmatism is unknown. It is often present at birth and may coexist with nearsightedness or farsightedness. Sometimes it may occur after an injury or eye surgery.
Risk Factors
A risk factor is something that increases your chance of getting a disease or condition.
The following factors increase your chances of developing astigmatism. If you have any of these risk factors, tell your doctor:
• Heredity–A family history of eye disease or disorders, such as glaucoma
• Eye Surgery–Certain types of eye surgery, such as cataract (lens of the eyes are cloudy) removal
• A history of corneal scarring or thinning
• A history of excessive nearsightedness (a visual defect where distant objects appear blurred) or farsightedness (a visual defect where distant objects are seen better than objects that are close)
Symptoms
The symptoms for astigmatism vary from person-to-person. Some people might be asymptomatic (showing no signs of the condition) while others are symptomatic (showing signs of the condition). If you experience any of these symptoms, do not assume it is due to astigmatism. These symptoms may be caused by other, less serious health conditions. If you experience any one of them, see your physician.
• Dizziness
• Headaches
• Blurred (objects appear fuzzy) or distorted (objects appear twisted or out of focus) vision
• Excessive squinting or closing of the eyes
Diagnosis
Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and perform a physical exam. You may also be referred to a doctor who specializes in the medical and surgical treatment of eye disorders and vision measurements (ophthalmologists) or a trained and licensed professional who can diagnosis vision and eye disease and prescribe corrective lenses (optometrist). Tests may include the following:
• Visual Acuity Assessment Test (VAT)–this test is used to measure how well you can distinguish different size letters or symbols (very large to very small) at a specific distance
• Refractor Test–this test uses a refractor, a special instrument that has interchangeable lenses of different strengths to measure how well you see objects at various distances. The ophthalmologist or optometrist will ask you to look through the lens and read a chart that is several feet away. The ophthalmologist or optometrist will adjust the strength of the lens based on your responses.
• Keratoscope–a device used to detect and measure the presence of corneal surface curvature
Treatment
Talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. Treatment options include the following:
Corrective Lenses
Corrective lenses, such as glasses or toric contact lens, are prescribed to offset the eye’s visual abnormalities or defects, such as excessive nearsightedness or farsightedness.
Surgery
To correct severe astigmatism, an ophthalmologist might use special knives or a laser beam to correct the abnormal or irregular curve of the cornea. The surgery is an outpatient procedure (does not require a hospital stay) that is performed with local anesthesia.
There are three types of surgical procedures that an ophthalmologist might perform:
Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK)–laser beams are used to reshape the abnormal or irregular curve of the cornea
Laser in situ Keratomileusis (LASIK)–this is a type of PRK; the ophthalmologist uses a laser beam to reshape the curve of the cornea by making slices (laser cuts) to both sides of the cornea
Radical Keratotomy (RK)–Small incisions (cuts) or holes are made into the cornea
Laser-assisted Subepithelial Keratomileusis (LASEK)–a procedure that is not as commlony used, however it may offer additional benefits especially for patients with thin corneas or at high risk of an eye injury
There are risk factors associated with all surgery. To choose the best surgical treatment option for your condition, it is important that you speak with your doctor about potential risks and side effects.
Prevention
There are no known preventative measures that will reduce your chances of getting astigmatism. However, routinely getting a comprehensive vision exam will reduce your chances of astigmatism going undetected (unidentified) and untreate

[+/-] Read More/Selengkapnya...

[+/-] Summary /Ringkasan ...

DOWNLOAD ASKEP LENGKAP SILAHKAN KLIK LINK DIBAWAH INI
ASKEP LENGKAP

Terima Kasih Telah Download,
ingin download askep lebih banyak silahkan klik Download Askep
Kami sangat berterima kasih jika pengunjung bersedia Klik Iklan yang ada

INGIN BERBISNIS SEPERTI SAYA SILAHKAN KLIK BANNER DIBAWAH INI

Manfaatkan BLOG ANDA